銅和銀在衛生保健系統中作為抗病毒和抗微生物劑的功效
The Efficacy of Copper and Silver as Antiviral and Antimicrobial Agents in the Health Care System
來自動物的呼吸道的新病毒和重新出現的歷史性強毒株的進化，對人類健康構成了重大的威脅。人畜共患病毒株在人與人之間的傳播效率低下，一開始可能會限制傳播的擴散，但接觸受污染的表面可能會感染。包膜病毒通常比較容易被環境壓力所影響，但是引起嚴重急性呼吸道綜合症（SARS）和中東呼吸綜合症（MERS）的人類冠狀病毒最近引起了人們對疫情爆發期間接觸傳播的關注。人類冠狀病毒229E在一系列銅合金上迅速失活（幾分鐘內可模擬指尖污染），並且Cu / Zn黃銅在較低的銅濃度下也非常有效。病毒暴露於銅表面，會造成病毒基因組的破壞，並且不可逆轉地影響病毒的形態，包括包膜的解體和表面突刺的掉落。 Cu+和Cu++部分是造成失活的原因，合金表面活性氧的產生會增強這種失活，導致滅活的速度甚至比非包膜病毒在銅上更快。因此，銅合金表面可用於公共區域和任何群眾聚會，以幫助減少呼吸道病毒從受污染表面傳播，並保護公眾健康。
The evolution of new viruses from animal respiratory tracts and re-emergence of historically virulent strains poses a major threat to human health. The transmission of zoonotic virus strains from person to person is inefficient, and may limit the spread of transmission at the beginning, but it may be infected by contact with contaminated surfaces. Enveloped viruses are usually susceptible to environmental pressures, but the human coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have recently raised concerns about contact transmission during outbreaks. Human Coronavirus 229E (HuCoV-229E) is rapidly inactivated on a series of copper alloys (fingertip contamination can be simulated within a few minutes), and Cu/Zn brass is very effective at lower copper concentrations. Exposure to copper can destroy the viral genome and irreversibly affects the morphology of the virus, including the disintegration of the envelope and the spread of surface spikes. Cu+ and Cu++ are part of the cause of inactivation. The production of active oxygen on the alloy surface will enhance this inactivation, resulting in inactivation even faster than non-enveloped viruses on copper. Therefore, copper alloy surfaces can be used in public areas and any mass gatherings to help reduce the spread of respiratory viruses from contaminated surfaces and protect public health.
新型人類冠狀病毒現已被命名為嚴重急性呼吸綜合徵冠狀病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）（以前稱為CoV-19），於2019年底在中國武漢出現，目前正在引起大流行。 評估了SARS-CoV-2和SARS-CoV-1在各種表面氣溶膠中的穩定性，並評估了它們的衰減率。 SARS-CoV-2在塑料和不銹鋼上比在銅和紙板上更穩定，這些材料的表面上，在使用後2小時之內都可以檢測到具感染性的活病毒。
The new human coronavirus has now been named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which formerly known as Cov-19. It emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 and is currently causing a pandemic. The stability of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 in various surface aerosols was evaluated, as well as their attenuation rates. SARS-CoV-2 is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard. On the surface of these materials, infectious live viruses can be detected within 2 hours after use.
甲型流感病毒導致大量的住院病患。 此外，免疫系統較弱的住院患者也容易感染流感。 甲型流感病毒是一種病毒病原體，可在老年人和其他高危人群中引起顯著的死亡率和發病率。 這些研究人員還報告說，銅樣品在1小時內滅活了75％的甲型H1N1流感，6小時後滅活了近100％。病毒被稱為專性寄生體(obligate parasites)。 因此，如果不利用合適的宿主，他們就無法完成生命週期，因此就不被視為活著。 它們有一組”指引”，靠著指引，將它們引入宿主之後，就會產生病理生物學上的後果。 然而，銅合金可以滅活甲型流感，因此可能具有顯著降低其病理生物學後果的潛力。
The influenza A virus causes a large number of hospitalized patients. In addition, general hospitalized patients with weak immune systems are also susceptible to influenza. Influenza A virus is a viral pathogen that can cause significant mortality and morbidity in the elderly and other high-risk groups. These researchers also reported that the copper sample inactivated 75% of influenza A H1N1 in an hour, and nearly 100% after 6 hours. Viruses are called obligate parasites, therefore, if they do not use a suitable host, they cannot complete the life cycle and are then not considered alive. They have a set of guidance, relying on the guidance, after introducing them into the host, it will produce pathobiological consequences. However, copper alloys can inactivate influenza A, so it may have the potential to significantly reduce its pathobiological consequences.
銅會腐蝕冠狀病毒，然後緩慢釋放與氧相互作用的離子，並生成通常具有高反應性的自由基或不帶電荷的分子。
Copper will corrode the coronavirus, then slowly release ions that interact with oxygen, and generate free radicals or uncharged molecules that are usually highly reactive.
這些自由基會產生具象的定時炸彈，該炸彈彈會爆發並破壞病毒的RNA。 當銅銀離子化裝置失活後，殘餘保護可以維持數月，而清潔則無法提供相同的可能性。 銅似乎比銀更好且更可靠，特別是考慮到銅是乾的，需要將銀弄濕才能有效。 在日本工業標準（JIS Z 2801）中使用的高濕度（> 90％RH）和高溫（35°C）在含銀離子的材料中產生了可測量的功效，在室內環境較低的溫度和濕度下（典型值）沒有顯示出明顯的響應。
These free radicals create a concrete time bomb that will explode and destroy the RNA of the virus. When the copper-silver ionization device is deactivated, the residual protection can be maintained for several months, while cleaning does not provide the same possibility. Copper seems to be better and more reliable than silver, especially considering that copper is dry and needs to be wetted to be effective. The high humidity (>90%RH) and high temperature (35°C) used in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS Z 2801) produce measurable efficacy in materials containing silver ions, and in a lower temperature and humidity indoor environments (typical value) does not show any obvious response.
由銅製成合金的有效性已在各種醫療保健應用中得到了證明，它們具有抗微生物和抗病毒的特性。 在一項研究中，施密特在實驗室測試中證明活菌減少了99％。 同樣，在臨床試驗中，與用於醫院表面的標準材料相比，觀察到活細菌則減少了83％。
The effectiveness of alloys made from copper has been proven in various healthcare applications, and they have antimicrobial and antiviral properties. In a study, Schmidt demonstrated a 99% reduction in live bacteria in laboratory tests. Similarly, in clinical trials, compared with standard materials used on hospital surfaces, an 83% reduction in live bacteria was observed.
銅的使用已顯示可以減少醫療保健後天感染（HAIs），尤其是在重症監護病房（ICU）中。 HAIs從0.081降低到0.034（P = .013）。 並且在3種物體表面的小兒ICU中觀察到HAIs降低的類似結果。 發現使用銅可以降低控制室回收物件中的微生物負荷達73％。
The use of copper has been shown to reduce healthcare acquired infections (HAIs), especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). HAIs decreased from 0.081 to 0.034 (P= .013). And similar results of the reduction of HAIs were observed in children ICU on the surface of 3 kinds of objects. It was found that the use of copper can reduce the microbial load in the reclaimed objects in the control room by 73%.
銅和銅合金表面上人類冠狀病毒病毒基因組的破壞
The destruction of the human coronavirus genome on the surface of copper and copper alloys
● （A）對冠狀病毒基因組的小片段（nsp4基因的136 bp區域）的分析顯示，在逆轉錄酶實時PCR中，暴露於銅和藥筒黃銅表面的病毒的拷貝數減少。不銹鋼含量有所減少，但病毒懸浮液卻沒有減少（最淺的灰色條），表明這是由於樣品乾燥所致。
Analysis of a small fragment of the coronavirus genome (the 136 bp region of the nsp4 gene) showed that in reverse transcriptase real-time PCR, the number of copies of the virus exposed to copper and the brass surface of the cartridge was reduced. The stainless steel content has decreased, but the virus suspension has not decreased (the lightest gray bar), indicating that this is due to the drying of the sample.
● （B）整個病毒基因組的分析以電泳分離從暴露於銅（道1、4和7），藥筒黃銅（道2、5和8）和不銹鋼（道）的病毒中提取的病毒RNA表示3、6和9）分別保持0分鐘（1至3道），120分鐘（4至6道）和240分鐘（7至9道）。暴露於銅和黃銅的病毒的基因組RNA隨著接觸時間的增加而降解。這個現象在不銹鋼上沒有發生。基因組RNA依舊維持著無法通過凝膠的大片段。但是，完整RNA的總量在4小時後減少，這可能是由於乾燥損傷所致，如小圖A所示。直行10代表未處理的病毒，而未標記的直行是用Bioline來標記（Hyperladder I）。對模擬感染的細胞使用了相同的程序，結果表明，將其應用於銅表面後，RNA的分解模式相同。
The analysis of the entire viral genome was separated by electrophoresis. The viral RNA (representing 3, 6 and 9) extracted from viruses exposed to copper (lane 1,4 and 7), cartridge brass (lane 2, 5 and 8) and stainless steel (lanes) are held for 0 minutes (lanes 1 to 3), 120 minutes (4 to 6), and 240 minutes (7 to 9). The genomic RNA of viruses exposed to copper and brass degrades with increasing contact time, this phenomenon did not occur on stainless steel. Genomic RNA still maintains large fragments that cannot pass through the gel. However, the total amount of intact RNA decreased after 4 hours, which may be due to dry damage, as shown in Panel A. Straight line 10 represents untreated virus, and unlabeled straight line is labeled with Bioline (Hyperladder I). the same procedure was used for the mock-infected cells, and the results showed that after it was applied to the copper surface, the RNA decomposition pattern was the same.
在氣懸膠以及不同表面，SARS-CoV-1和SARS-CoV-2的活性分析
Analysis of the activity of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 on aerosols and different surfaces.
放在不鏽鋼表面上6h以及24hr後，對甲型流感病毒活性效果的測試結果。
The test results of the active effect on influenza A virus after being placed on the stainless steel surface for 6 hours and 24 hours.
放在C11000銅金屬表面上6omin以及6hr後，對甲型流感病毒活性效果的測試結果。
The results of the test on the activity of influenza A virus after 60 minutes and 6 hours on the surface of C11000 copper metal.
在非銅空間（深灰色條）和銅空間（淺灰色條）中六個物體上測量的微生物含量
Microbial content measured on six objects in non-copper space (dark gray bar) and copper space (light gray bar).
在PICU和PIMCU中經常接觸的物體表面使用銅質材料，可以產生對細菌濃度一致性的抑制效果。通過由美國環保署註冊的抗菌銅合金製成的床欄杆，支架或水龍頭手柄的設定使用頻率，可以評估銅表面物體的抗菌一致性。評估的進行，分成將這些表面相關的細菌的濃度限制在<500 CFU / 100平方厘米微生物負荷低於檢測限（綠色條），高於檢測限但低於風險閾值（<500 CFU / cm2；黃色柱）或超過風險閾值（> 5 CFU / cm2）；紅色柱)，等三種頻率，並且透過對同時觀察來自PICU和PIMCU的單個樣品的ACC（N¼460銅臂； N 446）分數進行評分來確認。床欄的檢測極限為30 CFU / 100 cm2；支架，30 CFU / 100 cm2;和水龍頭手柄，30 CFU / 100 cm2。 ACC，有氧菌落形成單位； CFU，菌落形成單位； PICU，兒科重症監護室； PIMCU，中級重症監護室
The use of copper materials on the surface of objects that are frequently contacted in PICU and PIMCU can produce an inhibitory effect on the consistency of bacterial concentration. The antibacterial consistency of copper surface objects can be evaluated by setting the frequency of use of bed rails, brackets of faucet handles made of antibacterial copper alloys registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The evaluation is carried out, divided into limiting the concentration of these surface-related bacteria to <500 CFU/100 cm2, the microbial load is below the detection limit (green bar), above the detection limit but below the risk threshold (<500 CFU/cm2 ; yellow bar) or exceed the risk threshold (>5 CFU/ cm2; red bar), three frequencies, and confirm by scoring the ACC (N¼460 copper arm; N446) score of a single sample from PICU and PIMCU at the same time. The detection limit of the bed rail is 30 CFU / cm2; the bracket, 30 CFU/cm2; and the faucet handle, 30 CFU/cm2.
(ACC, aerobic colony forming unit; CFU, colony forming unit; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; PIMCU, intermediate intensive care unit.)
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